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ZOO502 138 Counter Current Exchangers (V-U)
- Course:Animal Physiology and Behavior (V-U)
- Discipline:Basic and Health Sciences
- Institute:Virtual University
- Instructor(s): Dr. Ateeq ul Jaleel
- Level:Undergraduate
Animal Physiology and Behavior (V-U)
- ZOO502 001 The Spectrum of Study of Physiology (V-U)
- ZOO502 002 Central Themes in Physiology (V-U)
- ZOO502 003 Structure-Function Relationships (V-U)
- ZOO502 004 Adaptation, Acclimatization And Acclimation (V-U)
- ZOO502 005 Principle of Homeostasis (V-U)
- ZOO502 006 Feedback Control Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 007 Conformity and Regulation (V-U)
- ZOO502 008 Membrane Permeability (V-U)
- ZOO502 009 Diffusion and Membrane Flux (V-U)
- ZOO502 010 The Facilitated Diffusion (V-U)
- ZOO502 011 Donnan Equilibrium (V-U)
- ZOO502 012 Ion Distribution Across The Plasma Membrane (V-U)
- ZOO502 013 Active Transport and Na K Pump (V-U)
- ZOO502 014 Membrane Potential and Membrane Excitation (V-U)
- ZOO502 015 Role of Ion Channels (V-U)
- ZOO502 016 Resting Membrane Potential (V-U)
- ZOO502 017 Action Potentials (V-U)
- ZOO502 018 General Properties of Action Potentials I (V-U)
- ZOO502 019 General Properties of Action Potentials II (V-U)
- ZOO502 020 Ionic Basis of Action Potential (V-U)
- ZOO502 021 Ion channels—Localization and Characterization (V-U)
- ZOO502 022 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (V-U)
- ZOO502 023 Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (V-U)
- ZOO502 024 Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (V-U)
- ZOO502 025 Structural Features of Neuron (V-U)
- ZOO502 026 Transmission of Signals in the Nervous System (V-U)
- ZOO502 027 Transmission of Signals in a Single Neuron (V-U)
- ZOO502 028 Propagation of Action Potentials (V-U)
- ZOO502 029 Speed of Propagation (V-U)
- ZOO502 030 Axon Myelination and Saltatory Conduction (V-U)
- ZOO502 031 Synapses and Their Types (Electrical Synapses) (V-U)
- ZOO502 032 Synapses and Their Types (Chemical Synapses) (V-U)
- ZOO502 033 Mechanism of Release of Neurotransmitter (V-U)
- ZOO502 034 Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (V-U)
- ZOO502 035 Neurotransmitters (Diversity and Classification) (V-U)
- ZOO502 036 Fast, Direct Neurotransmitters (V-U)
- ZOO502 037 Slow, Indirect Neurotransmitters (V-U)
- ZOO502 038 Neuropeptides (Endorphins and Enkephalins) (V-U)
- ZOO502 039 Receptors in Fast, Direct Neurotransmission (V-U)
- ZOO502 040 Receptors in Slow, Indirect Neurotransmission (V-U)
- ZOO502 041 Neuromodulation (V-U)
- ZOO502 042 Neural Integration (V-U)
- ZOO502 043 Sensory Stimuli, Sensory Organs and Receptor Cells (V-U)
- ZOO502 044 Sensations and Quality of Stimulus (V-U)
- ZOO502 045 Sensory Modalities and Receptor Types (V-U)
- ZOO502 046 Properties of Receptor Cells (V-U)
- ZOO502 047 Sensory Transduction (V-U)
- ZOO502 048 Range Fractionation (V-U)
- ZOO502 049 Sensory Adaptation (V-U)
- ZOO502 050 Chemoreceptors (Taste and Smell Receptors) (V-U)
- ZOO502 051 Mechanism of Taste Reception (V-U)
- ZOO502 052 Mechanism of Olfactory Reception (V-U)
- ZOO502 053 Mechanoreception (V-U)
- ZOO502 054 Hair Cells (V-U)
- ZOO502 055 Organs of Equilibrium (V-U)
- ZOO502 056 The Mammalian Ear (V-U)
- ZOO502 057 Cochlea (V-U)
- ZOO502 058 Sound Transduction by Cochlear Hair Cells (V-U)
- ZOO502 059 Frequency Analysis by Cochlea (V-U)
- ZOO502 060 Electroreception (V-U)
- ZOO502 061 Thermoreception (V-U)
- ZOO502 062 Photoreception (Basics) (V-U)
- ZOO502 063 The Vertebrate Eye (Structural Physiology) (V-U)
- ZOO502 064 Visual Receptor Cells of Vertebrates (V-U)
- ZOO502 065 Visual Pigments and Their Photochemistry-I (V-U)
- ZOO502 066 Visual Pigments and Their Photochemistry-II (V-U)
- ZOO502 067 The Color Vision (V-U)
- ZOO502 068 Glands, Secretions and Secretory Mechanisms (V-U)
- ZOO502 069 Types of Glands (V-U)
- ZOO502 070 Vertebrate Endocrine System (An Overview) (V-U)
- ZOO502 071 Hormones and Their Properties (V-U)
- ZOO502 072 Chemical Types and Functions of Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 073 Synthesis of Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 074 Neuro-Endocrine Role of Hypothalamus (V-U)
- ZOO502 075 Pituitary Gland and Its Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 076 Adenohypophysis (Tropic Hormones) (V-U)
- ZOO502 077 Adenohypophysis (Non-Tropic Hormones) (V-U)
- ZOO502 078 Hormones of Neurohypophysis (V-U)
- ZOO502 079 Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 080 Parathyroid Gland and Its Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 081 Adrenal Glands (V-U)
- ZOO502 082 Catecholamines (Synthesis and Release) (V-U)
- ZOO502 083 Catecholamines (Effects and Mode of Action) (V-U)
- ZOO502 084 Adrenal Cortex (Corticosteroids) (V-U)
- ZOO502 085 Pancreas (Insulin and Glucagon Hormones) (V-U)
- ZOO502 086 Role of Testes as Endocrine Tissue (V-U)
- ZOO502 087 Role of Ovaries as Endocrine Tissue (V-U)
- ZOO502 088 pineal gland (V-U)
- ZOO502 089 Placental Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 090 Metabolic and Developmental Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 091 Hormones for Water Regulation and Ion Balance (V-U)
- ZOO502 092 Reproductive Hormones (V-U)
- ZOO502 093 Prostaglandins (V-U)
- ZOO502 094 Feedback Mechanisms (V-U)
- ZOO502 095 Mechanisms of Hormone Action (V-U)
- ZOO502 096 Lipid Soluble Hormones (Mechanism of Action) (V-U)
- ZOO502 097 Lipid Insoluble Hormones (Intracellular Signaling) (V-U)
- ZOO502 098 Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 099 Inositol Phospholipid and Ca+2 Signaling Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 100 The Structure of Muscle (V-U)
- ZOO502 101 Myofilament Substructure (V-U)
- ZOO502 102 Contraction of Muscle (Sliding Filament Theory) (V-U)
- ZOO502 103 Role of ATP in Cross Bridge Working (V-U)
- ZOO502 104 Production of Force for Sliding of Filaments (V-U)
- ZOO502 105 Role of Calcium in Contraction (V-U)
- ZOO502 106 Excitation Contraction Coupling (V-U)
- ZOO502 107 T-Tubules (Propagation of AP into the Myofibril) (V-U)
- ZOO502 108 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (V-U)
- ZOO502 109 Membrane Receptors in Triads (V-U)
- ZOO502 110 Summary of Muscle Contraction Mechanism (V-U)
- ZOO502 111 Isometric and Isotonic Contractions (V-U)
- ZOO502 112 Muscle Twitch and Tetanus (V-U)
- ZOO502 113 Neural Control of Muscle Contraction (V-U)
- ZOO502 114 Muscle Fatigue (V-U)
- ZOO502 115 Lever System of the Body (V-U)
- ZOO502 116 Cardiac Muscles (V-U)
- ZOO502 117 Smooth Muscles (V-U)
- ZOO502 118 Excitatory and Conductive System of Heart (V-U)
- ZOO502 119 Pacemakers (V-U)
- ZOO502 120 Autorhythmicity of Pacemaker (V-U)
- ZOO502 121 Role of Ion Channels in Self Excitation (V-U)
- ZOO502 122 Transmission of Excitation Over the Heart (V-U)
- ZOO502 123 Effect of ACh and Catecholamines on Excitation (V-U)
- ZOO502 124 Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume (V-U)
- ZOO502 125 Changes in Pressure and Flow During One Beat (V-U)
- ZOO502 126 Work Done by the Heart (V-U)
- ZOO502 127 Electrocardiogram (ECG) (V-U)
- ZOO502 128 Kymography (V-U)
- ZOO502 129 Introduction to Hemodynamics (V-U)
- ZOO502 130 Laminar and Turbulent Flow (V-U)
- ZOO502 131 Relationship Between Pressure and Flow (V-U)
- ZOO502 132 Vascular Resistance to Flow (V-U)
- ZOO502 133 Viscosity of Blood (V-U)
- ZOO502 134 Compliance in Circulatory System (V-U)
- ZOO502 135 Peripheral Circulation (V-U)
- ZOO502 136 Blood Pressure (V-U)
- ZOO502 137 Effect of Gravity on Pressure and Flow (V-U)
- ZOO502 138 Counter Current Exchangers (V-U)
- ZOO502 139 Capillaries and Microcirculation (V-U)
- ZOO502 140 Capillary Pressure and Flow (V-U)
- ZOO502 141 Regulatory Controls of Circulation (V-U)
- ZOO502 142 Central Control of Cardiovascular System (V-U)
- ZOO502 143 Arterial Baroreceptors (V-U)
- ZOO502 144 Arterial Chemoreceptors (V-U)
- ZOO502 145 Cardiac Receptors (V-U)
- ZOO502 146 Nervous Control of Microcirculation (V-U)
- ZOO502 147 Local Control of Microcirculation (V-U)
- ZOO502 148 Respiration (General Considerations) (V-U)
- ZOO502 149 Respiratory Pigments (V-U)
- ZOO502 150 Transport of Oxygen in Blood (V-U)
- ZOO502 151 Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Bloo… (V-U)
- ZOO502 152 Vertebrate Lungs (V-U)
- ZOO502 153 Functional Anatomy of Mammalian Lun… (V-U)
- ZOO502 154 Lung Volumes and Capacities (V-U)
- ZOO502 155 Mechanism of Lung Ventilation in Ma… (V-U)
- ZOO502 156 Mechanism of Ventilation in Birds (V-U)
- ZOO502 157 Mechanism of Lung Ventilation in Respiration (V-U)
- ZOO502 158 Mechanism of Ventilation of Lungs in Frogs (V-U)
- ZOO502 159 Pulmonary Surfactants and Alveolar Collapse (V-U)
- ZOO502 160 Neural Control of Breathing (V-U)
- ZOO502 161 Factors Affecting Breathing (V-U)
- ZOO502 162 Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia (V-U)
- ZOO502 163 Respiratory Responses to Hypercapnia (V-U)
- ZOO502 164 Respiratory Responses to Diving (V-U)
- ZOO502 165 Gas Exchange Across Gills of Fishes (V-U)
- ZOO502 166 Functional Anatomy of Gills of Fishes (V-U)
- ZOO502 167 Osmoregulation and Excretion (V-U)
- ZOO502 168 Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers (V-U)
- ZOO502 169 Osmoregulation in Aquatic Environme… (V-U)
- ZOO502 170 Osmoregulation in Fresh Water Animals (V-U)
- ZOO502 171 Osmoregulation in Marine Animals (V-U)
- ZOO502 172 Osmoregulation in Terrestrial Animals (V-U)
- ZOO502 173 Osmoregulation in Desert Living Animals (V-U)
- ZOO502 174 Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals (V-U)
- ZOO502 175 Osmoregulation in Terrestrial Arthropods (V-U)
- ZOO502 176 Mammalian Kidney (Anatomy) (V-U)
- ZOO502 177 Mammalian Kidney (Anatomy of Nephron (V-U)
- ZOO502 178 Blood Supply to the Nephron (V-U)
- ZOO502 179 Urine Production (Overview) (V-U)
- ZOO502 180 Glomerular Filtration (V-U)
- ZOO502 181 Tubular Reabsorption (V-U)
- ZOO502 182 Tubular Secretion (V-U)
- ZOO502 183 Glomerular Filtration Rate (V-U)
- ZOO502 184 Regulation of pH by Kidneys (V-U)
- ZOO502 185 Urine Concentrating Mechanisms (V-U)
- ZOO502 186 Renal Regulatory Mechanisms (V-U)
- ZOO502 187 Nitrogenous Wastes in Animals (V-U)
- ZOO502 188 Excretion of Ammonia (Ammonotelic Animals) (V-U)
- ZOO502 189 Excretion of Urea (Ureotelic Animals) (V-U)
- ZOO502 190 Excretion of Uric Acid (UricotelicAnimals) (V-U)
- ZOO502 191 Overview of the Alimentary Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 192 Generalized Alimentary Canal (V-U)
- ZOO502 193 Headgut (V-U)
- ZOO502 194 Foregut (Esophagus and Crop) (V-U)
- ZOO502 195 Foregut (Stomach) (V-U)
- ZOO502 196 Midgut (Small Intestine) (V-U)
- ZOO502 197 Absorptive Epithelium of Intestine (V-U)
- ZOO502 198 Hindgut (Large Intestine) (V-U)
- ZOO502 199 Motility of the Alimentary Canal (V-U)
- ZOO502 200 Muscular and Ciliary Motility (V-U)
- ZOO502 201 Peristalsis (V-U)
- ZOO502 202 Control of Alimentary Canal Motility (V-U)
- ZOO502 203 Gastrointestinal Secretions (V-U)
- ZOO502 204 Exocrine Secretions—Water, Mucus and Ions (V-U)
- ZOO502 205 Exocrine Secretions—Bile and Bile Secretion (V-U)
- ZOO502 206 Digestive Enzymes (Proteases) (V-U)
- ZOO502 207 Digestive Enzymes (Carbohydrases and Lipases) (V-U)
- ZOO502 208 Proenzymes (V-U)
- ZOO502 209 Control of Digestive Secretions (V-U)
- ZOO502 210 Control of Salivary and Gastric Secretion (V-U)
- ZOO502 211 Control of Intestinal and Pancreatic Secretions (V-U)
- ZOO502 212 Absorption of Food in Intestine (V-U)
- ZOO502 213 Absorption Mechanisms (V-U)
- ZOO502 214 Absorption by Active Transport and Endocytosis (V-U)
- ZOO502 215 Transport of Nutrients (V-U)
- ZOO502 216 Water and Electrolyte Absorption (V-U)
- ZOO502 217 Homeotherms and Poikilotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 218 Endotherms and Ectotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 219 Heterotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 220 Ectotherms in Cold and Freezing Environment (V-U)
- ZOO502 221 Ectotherms in Hot Environments (V-U)
- ZOO502 222 Costs and Benefits of Ectothermy (V-U)
- ZOO502 223 Temperature Relations of Heterotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 224 TNZ, LCT and UCT for Endotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 225 Temperature Relations of Endotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 226 Thermogenesis in Endotherms (V-U)
- ZOO502 227 Endothermy in Cold Environments (V-U)
- ZOO502 228 Countercurrent Heat Exchange Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 229 Endothermy in Hot Environments (V-U)
- ZOO502 230 Evaporative Cooling (V-U)
- ZOO502 231 Thermostatic Role of Hypothalamus (V-U)
- ZOO502 232 Thermoregulatory Centers in (V-U)
- ZOO502 233 Fever (V-U)
- ZOO502 234 Thermoregulation During Exercise (V-U)
- ZOO502 235 Dormant States (Sleep and Torpor) (V-U)
- ZOO502 236 Hibernation, Winter Sleep and Estivation (V-U)
- ZOO502 237 Animal Behavior (Basics) (V-U)
- ZOO502 238 Scientific Approaches (V-U)
- ZOO502 239 Neurosensory Basis of Behavior (V-U)
- ZOO502 240 Neuronal Plasticity (V-U)
- ZOO502 241 Inborn, Innate or Instinctive Behavior (V-U)
- ZOO502 242 Fixed Action Patterns (V-U)
- ZOO502 243 Animal Orientation, Kinesis and Taxis (V-U)
- ZOO502 244 Animal Navigation and Migration (V-U)
- ZOO502 245 Behavioral Rhythms (V-U)
- ZOO502 246 Animal Signals and Communication (V-U)
- ZOO502 247 Pheromones and Chemical Communication (V-U)
- ZOO502 248 Genes & Environment in Behavior Development (V-U)
- ZOO502 249 Habituation and Imprinting (V-U)
- ZOO502 250 Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps (V-U)
- ZOO502 251 Associative Learning (V-U)
- ZOO502 252 Cognition and Problem Solving (V-U)
- ZOO502 253 Foraging Behavior (V-U)
- ZOO502 254 Foraging Model (Risk and Reward Balance) (V-U)
- ZOO502 255 Mating Behaviors and Systems (V-U)
- ZOO502 256 Parental Care (V-U)
- ZOO502 257 Sexual Selection and Mate Choice (V-U)
- ZOO502 258 Social Behaviors (V-U)
- ZOO502 259 Social Behavior (Living in Groups) (V-U)
- ZOO502 260 Agonistic Behaviors (V-U)
- ZOO502 261 Altruism (V-U)
- ZOO502 262 Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness (V-U)
- ZOO502 263 Reciprocal Altruism (V-U)
- ZOO502 264 Social Learning (V-U)
- ZOO502 265 Evolution and Human Culture (V-U)